Revenue Model and Monetization Strategy Presentation preview
Title Slide preview
Business Model Continuum Slide preview
Business Model Canvas Slide preview
Revenue Ecosystem Slide preview
Revenue Model Ecosystem Slide preview
Revenue Map Slide preview
Competitor Revenue Source Slide preview
Subscription Model: Cost Revenue Analysis Slide preview
Monthly Recurring Revenue Slide preview
Subscription Model Architecture Slide preview
Increase LTV with Subscriptions Slide preview
Freemium Conversion Slide preview
Trial Data Slide preview
Conversion Comparison Slide preview
Commission Marketplace Model Slide preview
In-App Purchase Revenue Model Slide preview
In-App Monetization Slide preview
Razor-and-Blade Model Slide preview
Data Value Chain Slide preview
Data Monetization Avenues Slide preview
Data Monetization Flow Slide preview
Brand Revenue Profile Slide preview
Revenue Mix Slide preview
Monetization Snapshot Slide preview
Revenue Segmentation Slide preview
Price Sensitivity Slide preview
Kotler's Pricing Strategies Slide preview
LTV to CAC Ratio Slide preview
Revenue Model Slide preview
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Introduction

It's no news that the auto industry has been engaged in a heated race toward electrification: Whose vehicles will be the most functional? Whose batteries can travel the longest distance? Whose price point will attract the biggest crowd? This transition from gas guzzlers to zero-emission transportation is, for the most part, a technical one. It doesn't change the fact that carmakers will continue to profit from what they've always done: make and sell cars.

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Tesla is a carmaker that could greatly benefit from the electrification strategy. As a pioneer in electric vehicles, Tesla has a significant advantage in terms of technology and brand recognition. The shift towards electric vehicles will likely increase demand for Tesla's products, and their extensive experience in this field allows them to continuously innovate and improve their offerings. Furthermore, Tesla's Supercharger network, which is one of the most extensive charging infrastructures, provides an additional competitive edge.

Carmakers can implement the transition from gas guzzlers to zero-emission transportation in their operations by investing in research and development to improve the functionality, range, and affordability of electric vehicles. They can also collaborate with governments and other stakeholders to develop infrastructure for electric vehicles, such as charging stations. Additionally, they can educate consumers about the benefits of electric vehicles and offer incentives to encourage their adoption.

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While all of this is going on, however, we've started seeing news like these. Toyota to charge $8 a month for a key fob just to start your car. BMW to charge $18 a month for your heated seats. Tesla already charges $9.99 a month for connectivity features like music streaming and internet browsing. GM to aim for $25 billion in annual software and subscription revenue by 2023 On the grand scheme of things. The introduction of these subscription services might not be dominating the headlines right now, but this development could actually become as vital to carmakers' survival as their EV prowess.

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The trend of charging for features like music streaming and internet browsing is likely to evolve in several ways. Firstly, companies may continue to add more premium features that are only accessible through paid subscriptions. This could include exclusive content, advanced functionalities, or ad-free experiences. Secondly, companies may start to bundle their services together, offering package deals that provide access to multiple services for a single price. This could encourage users to spend more time within the company's ecosystem, increasing their engagement and loyalty. Lastly, companies may explore tiered pricing models, where users can choose from different levels of service at different price points. This would allow companies to cater to a wider range of customers, from those who are willing to pay for a premium experience to those who are looking for more affordable options.

Carmakers could consider several alternative monetization strategies apart from subscription services. They could explore partnerships with other businesses, such as gas stations or insurance companies, to offer bundled services. They could also consider selling data generated by their vehicles to third parties. Additionally, they could develop proprietary technology or software and license it to other manufacturers. Finally, they could offer premium services or upgrades, such as advanced safety features or luxury add-ons, for an additional cost.

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Business Model Continuum
Business Model Canvas

So, why is this important to begin with? In an ever competitive capitalist economy that always looks for growth, growth, and more growth, almost every long-standing company needs to be willing to pivot or at least modify how it conducts business. Or to put it in a more jargonistic term, their business model. While a comprehensive business model considers all aspects from value proposition, to customer relationship, to cost structure, none of these can ultimately make a business successful without a sound Revenue Model and Monetization Strategy.

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Some common misconceptions about the importance of a sound business model include the belief that a good product or service alone can ensure success, that a business model is a one-time, static strategy, and that it's not necessary for smaller businesses or startups. In reality, a sound business model is crucial for any business, regardless of size or industry. It provides a clear plan for generating revenue and outlines how the business will create and deliver value to customers. It's also a dynamic tool that should evolve with the business and market changes.

Companies can consider several alternative revenue models for sustainable growth. These include subscription models, where customers pay a recurring fee to access a product or service. Freemium models, where basic services are provided for free, but premium services are charged. Advertising models, where revenue is generated through ads. Licensing models, where companies charge for the right to use their intellectual property. Transaction fee models, where companies charge a fee for each transaction made through their platform. And lastly, data selling models, where companies sell data they have collected to other businesses.

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In this article, we will go over some popular revenue strategies that companies have resorted to in recent times, some to tremendously lucrative effect, and others not so much. With these examples, you'll be familiarized with their money-making patterns and hopefully also become more discerning consumers, that is, even when a product seems "free" to use. 

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Yes, there are several companies that have effectively used a "free" product strategy to generate revenue. One of the most notable examples is Google. Google offers many of its services such as Search, Gmail, and Google Docs for free to users, and generates revenue through advertising. Another example is Facebook, which allows users to create profiles and interact with others for free, but makes money through targeted advertising. Spotify also uses a "freemium" model, offering a free version of its music streaming service with ads, and a paid version without ads.

Some alternative monetization strategies that have proven successful in the tech industry include freemium models, subscription models, advertising models, and transaction fee models. The freemium model offers basic services for free while charging for premium features. The subscription model charges users a recurring fee for access to a product or service. The advertising model generates revenue by displaying ads to users. The transaction fee model charges a fee for facilitating a transaction between two parties.

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Revenue Ecosystem
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Case Study: Patreon

Before we get into the array of revenue strategies out there, let's understand the impact that just a simple tweak can lead to. Product features and offerings that are entirely fresh and innovative take time to develop and launch, especially when it involves entirely new technology. They also often require hefty upfront costs, which can delay the sweet gratification that investors seek. So how do businesses prove that they're still worthy of their existence in the marketplace during those periods of research and development? More specifically, when there's truly nothing new that can be sold to customers, how can companies deliver exciting financial reports where there are lots of graphs with upward slopes? Let's take a look at what Patreon tried to do.

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The two-sided marketplace model impacts the sustainability of platforms like Patreon by creating a self-sustaining ecosystem. Creators provide exclusive content, attracting Patrons who pay for access. This generates revenue for the creators and Patreon, ensuring financial sustainability. Societally, it democratizes content creation, allowing anyone to monetize their work and providing consumers with a wider range of content. However, it also raises issues around income inequality among creators and the potential for exploitation.

Platforms like Patreon, Airbnb, and Upwork could consider several alternative monetization strategies. They could introduce premium features or services for an additional fee. They could also explore partnerships with other businesses to offer bundled services or products. Another strategy could be to sell anonymized data insights to interested parties. Lastly, they could consider implementing a freemium model, where basic services are free, but users have to pay for advanced features or services.

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For context, Patreon is an online platform that allows Creators to upload exclusive content to be consumed by their subscribers, or Patrons. Creators get to determine subscription tiers, usually ranging from $1 to $10 per month. Much like other well-known names like Airbnb and Upwork, Patreon is a two-sided marketplace; So while the transactions between Creators and Patrons take place, the company takes a cut.

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A new fee structure proposal

In December 2017, Patreon announced a significant change to its fee structure that sent shockwaves through its community. The announcement introduced a new service fee of 2.9% plus 35 cents for each subscription to come out of Patron's pocket, rather than the previous practice of deducting the fee from the Creator's total earnings. Based on this before-after comparison of the fee structure, it appears that the new structure may be advantageous to the Creators. And that was the official reason the company gave to justify the change.

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There are several strategies that can be used to prevent discouragement of patrons due to increased costs in a monetization model. First, it's important to communicate clearly and transparently about any changes in pricing. Patrons should understand why costs are increasing and how the additional funds will be used. Second, consider offering added value to justify the increased cost. This could be in the form of exclusive content, early access to new products or services, or other perks. Third, consider implementing a tiered pricing model, where patrons can choose the level of support that fits their budget. Lastly, consider absorbing some of the costs or offering discounts to loyal patrons to lessen the impact of price increases.

A fixed fee structure can significantly impact patrons who support multiple creators. For each separate pledge, patrons would incur the fixed fee. This means that if a patron supports multiple creators, their monthly costs could significantly increase due to the accumulation of these fixed fees. This could potentially discourage them from supporting multiple creators due to the inflated costs.

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Commission Marketplace Model

But Patrons complained that this placed a burden on small pledges. Given the fact that most Patrons pick lower subscription tiers, the fixed 35 cent fee disproportionately affected these tiers. For example, if a patron pledged $1 to a creator, the new fee would increase their charge by 38%. This was a huge concern for creators who relied on a large volume of small pledges. What's more is that for Patrons supporting multiple creators, the new structure meant they'd incur the fee for each separate pledge rather than a one-time collective fee. This could significantly inflate their monthly costs and discourage them from supporting multiple creators.

Questions and answers

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The call-to-action in this presentation aligns with its goal of integrating monetization strategies by encouraging the audience to consider how a change in revenue model can significantly impact a company's earnings. It uses the example of Patreon's new fee structure to illustrate this point, prompting the audience to engage in a simple math exercise to understand the potential benefits of such a change. This serves as a direct call to action for the audience to critically evaluate their own revenue models and consider the potential benefits of integrating new monetization strategies.

Changing a company's revenue model can have significant global market implications. It can affect the company's competitive position, customer base, and overall profitability. If the new model is more profitable, it can lead to increased market share and growth. However, if it's not well-received by customers, it can lead to loss of market share. Additionally, it can influence investor perceptions and the company's stock price. It's crucial for companies to carefully consider these implications before making any changes.

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Creators are short-changed: the math

As it often happens in business, what's good for the company might not be welcomed by the customers. For Patreon to propose the new fee structure, the company certainly expected attractive upside for its revenue. To understand just how big of a difference a tweak in revenue model can make, get ready to do some simple math with us:

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Patreon faced significant backlash from its users when it implemented its new revenue model. The new model significantly increased the cost for users, with no additional product value. This led to a decrease in user satisfaction and trust. Patreon had to immediately stop the rollout of this new fee structure due to the outcry from its users. It's not clear how they overcame this challenge, but typically, companies in such situations would work on improving their communication, making necessary adjustments based on user feedback, and providing more value to justify the increased cost.

Patreon's new fee structure significantly increases its overall monthly earnings. In the new model, Patreon charges a 2.9% fee plus a 35 cent flat fee on every subscription. For example, for each $1 subscription, Patreon earns $0.379 ($1 x 2.9% + $0.35). If there are 1,000 such subscriptions, Patreon would earn $379 a month, a 658% increase from the previous $50. However, this new fee structure was not well-received by users, who felt they were financing the increase without receiving additional product value. As a result, Patreon had to halt the rollout of this new fee structure.

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Let's say a Creator has 1,000 Patrons. And for the sake of simplicity, assume all of these Patrons subscribe to the Creator for $1 per month. This means the Creator makes $1,000 per month before fees. Based on Patreon's old fee structure, the company takes 5% from the Creator's earnings. So in this case, $1,000 times 5% equals $50, and that's the amount Patreon makes from this Creator in a month.

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In the new model, Patreon makes 2.9% plus a 35 cent flat fee on every subscription. So each one of these $1 subscriptions yields $0.379 for Patreon ($1 x 2.9% + $0.35). Multiply that by 1,000 subscriptions, Patreon now gets to make a total of $379 a month instead of the previous $50. That is a 658% increase, which is impressive for investors but depressive for the users who single-handedly financed it in exchange for no additional product value. In a win for the people, Patreon had to immediately stop the rollout of this new fee structure only because it got called out by its users.

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Common Revenue Strategies

Subscription Model Architecture
Freemium Conversion

Below are some of the most widely used revenue strategies in today's business world. Keep in mind that just because a revenue model benefited one company, that doesn't mean it will automatically work the same magic on another company, even if it's in the same industry. Remember those other parts of the business canvas we showed earlier? Yea, those are part of the picture too. 

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  • Subscription model: Think any streaming service that's sucking up your precious time
  • Freemium model: Think Spotify, Linkedin, even Linktree
  • Ad-based model: Think Facebook, Instagram, the New York Times, or any newspaper turned online application
  • Affiliate marketing model: Think Amazon affiliate program and every micro influencer who wants to you go to their Amazon storefront
  • Direct sales model: Think anything direct-to-consumer, it's endless
  • Razor and Blades model: Think about buying a printer and then having to keep buying printer ink to replenish. Or, in a more contemporary example, Nespresso machine and Nespresso pods. 

Admittedly, that was a laundry list. But we wanted to save some room to explore two other revenue models that are interesting in their own rights: one on a more cultural-specific level, and another on a broad, humanity level.

Razor-and-Blade Model

The licensing model

Let's start with the cultural-specific one: the licensing model. At its core, the licensing model allows a company (the licensor) to grant another company (the licensee) rights to produce and sell goods, apply a brand name or logo, or use patented technology, often in exchange for a fee or royalty. One of the distinct advantages of the licensing model is the ability to monetize intellectual property, be it in the form of patents, trademarks, copyrights, or brands, without the need to actively engage in production or distribution. This not only accelerates market access for innovations but also reduces capital expenditure and risks associated with entering new markets or industries.

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Microsoft's licensing of its Windows OS to PC manufacturers is a classic success story. In more recent times, ARM Holdings, a British semiconductor and software design company, doesn't manufacture its own chips. Instead, it licenses its designs to giants like Qualcomm and Apple. Ok, this all makes sense, so what's specifically "cultural" about it?

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Venturing into unrelated industries like fashion and apparel in South Korea can offer several potential benefits for companies like Lockheed Martin. Firstly, it can provide a new revenue stream and diversify their business portfolio, reducing dependence on their core industry. Secondly, it can increase brand visibility and recognition among a wider audience. Lastly, South Korea's fashion industry is known for its rapid growth and innovation, which can offer lucrative opportunities.

The revenue model and monetization strategy can be applied to the crossover licensing practice in South Korea in several ways. Firstly, licensing fees can be a direct source of revenue. Companies can charge a fee for the rights to use their brand or product in a different industry. Secondly, royalties from sales can also be a significant source of income. A percentage of every sale of the licensed product goes back to the original company. Lastly, this strategy can also indirectly increase revenue by boosting brand recognition and expanding the customer base.

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Brand Revenue Profile
Revenue Map

Case study: Lockheed Martin goes Hypebeast

Lockheed Martin is now also a streetwear brand in South Korea. Fashion and apparel licensing has been common practice, but this is quite a crossover between two completely unrelated industries. Upon further digging, it turns out that this kind of industry crossover licensing practice is actually fairly common in South Korea.

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Businesses can effectively turn data into actionable insights for monetization by employing a few strategies. First, they need to ensure they are collecting relevant and high-quality data. This involves having a clear understanding of what data is needed and implementing proper data collection methods. Second, they need to use advanced analytics tools and techniques to analyze the data. This can help uncover patterns, trends, and insights that can be used to make informed business decisions. Third, they need to create a culture of data-driven decision making. This means that all decisions should be based on data and insights derived from it. Lastly, they need to ensure they have the right skills and expertise in their team to handle and interpret the data.

Data monetization as a revenue model can have several impacts. It can provide a significant source of revenue as businesses can sell data or insights derived from it. It can also lead to better business decisions as the data can be used to gain insights and trends. However, it also raises privacy and security concerns as businesses need to ensure they are handling data ethically and legally. Furthermore, it requires a robust data management system and data analysis skills.

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Other instances include Jeep, National Geographic, and even Pan Am. One hypothesis on this licensing trend could be a fascination with western, or more specifically American culture, coined by the internet as "Americancore". What we're even more curious about is how these licensing deals might affect the public perception of the brands in question in the long run, especially for a brand like Lockheed Martin, which doesn't necessarily conjure a positive image to those who live America. Revenue stream, or more like marketing ploy?

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The nature and scale of data available significantly influence the suitability of the data monetization model. The nature of data refers to the type and quality of data. For instance, data that is unique, relevant, and actionable is more valuable. The scale of data refers to the volume of data. Larger datasets provide more opportunities for analysis and insights, thus increasing their monetization potential. Therefore, businesses with vast, high-quality data, like digital-first enterprises, are naturally positioned to monetize this asset.

Some examples of digital-first enterprises that have successfully implemented data monetization strategies include social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, search engines like Google, and e-commerce giants like Amazon and Alibaba. These companies have vast user data which they leverage for targeted advertising, personalized recommendations, and other data-driven services, thereby generating significant revenue.

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Data monetization

Another revenue model worth discussing is data monetization, and this is a practice with humanity-level impact. In the digital age, where data is often hailed as the "new oil," businesses have sought innovative ways to capitalize on the vast troves of information they gather. Data monetization is a revenue model that turns bytes into bucks. It revolves around extracting value from available data, either by directly selling it or by refining it into actionable insights.

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Fitbit's partnership with health insurance companies contributes to their revenue model by offering them insights derived from user data. This data includes steps, sleep patterns, heart rate, and more. With user permission, Fitbit sells this valuable data to health insurance companies. This not only provides an additional revenue stream for Fitbit but also allows health insurance companies to understand health trends or behaviors better.

Google and Fitbit are two successful examples of data monetization. Google has been a leader in this field, leveraging user data to drive its advertising business. Fitbit, a pioneer in wearable tech, collects data on steps, sleep patterns, heart rate, and more. Beyond selling devices, Fitbit has partnered with health insurance companies, offering them insights derived from user data. With user permission, the company also offers datasets to clinical researchers aiming to understand health trends or behaviors.

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Data Value Chain

As the flow of digital information multiplies, so does the potential to monetize it, positioning data monetization as a cornerstone of contemporary business strategies. The suitability of the data monetization model largely hinges on the nature and scale of data available. Digital-first enterprises like social media platforms, search engines, or e-commerce giants, which amass vast user data, are naturally positioned to monetize this asset.

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The GDPR and CCPA regulations have a significant impact on the future of data monetization in businesses. These regulations mandate businesses to ensure data privacy and transparency, which means businesses must be more careful about how they collect, store, and use customer data. This could limit the types of data that businesses can monetize and how they can monetize it. Additionally, these regulations could lead to increased costs for businesses, as they may need to invest in new technologies or processes to ensure compliance. However, they also present an opportunity for businesses to build trust with customers by demonstrating their commitment to data privacy.

Regulations like GDPR and CCPA have significantly impacted the future of data monetization. They have mandated businesses to ensure data privacy and transparency, which has led to a shift in how companies collect, store, and use consumer data. These regulations have made it more challenging for businesses to monetize data without explicit consent from consumers. As a result, businesses are now required to be more transparent about their data practices and provide consumers with more control over their personal data. This has led to a more ethical approach to data monetization, but it has also made it more difficult for businesses to leverage consumer data for profit.

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Case study: How Fitbit and 23&Me monetize biometrics

We already know, for example, that Google stands as a paragon in the realm of data monetization. But the capitalization of data has become more and more personal over the years, down to our biometrics. As one of the pioneers in wearable tech, Fitbit gathers data on steps, sleep patterns, heart rate, and more. Beyond selling devices, Fitbit has partnered with health insurance companies, offering them insights derived from user data. With user permission, the company also offers datasets to clinical researchers aiming to understand health trends or behaviors.

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A company can effectively integrate multiple revenue models into their current operation structure by first understanding the different revenue models and how they can be applied to their business. This includes understanding the benefits and drawbacks of each model. Once they have this understanding, they can start to diversify their revenue streams. This could involve introducing new products or services, entering new markets, or leveraging existing assets in new ways. It's also important to monitor and evaluate the performance of each revenue stream to ensure it's contributing positively to the overall business.

Relying on a single revenue stream in today's global business landscape can be risky due to several factors. Firstly, market conditions are unpredictable and can change rapidly, which can significantly impact a single source of revenue. Secondly, if a company's sole revenue stream faces competition or becomes obsolete due to technological advancements, it can severely affect the company's financial health. Lastly, economic downturns, regulatory changes, or shifts in consumer behavior can also negatively impact a single revenue stream. Therefore, diversification of revenue streams is often recommended to mitigate these risks.

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Data Monetization Avenues

23andMe, the personal genomics and biotechnology company that offers DNA testing kits, have monetized their vast genetic database by collaborating with pharmaceutical and research companies, providing them with aggregated, anonymized genetic data to fuel research projects.

Needless to say, as more and more data points of our every move and molecule get captured, ethical and privacy concerns loom large. While regulations like the GDPR in Europe and CCPA in California have mandated businesses to ensure data privacy and transparency, rules and disclosures are still seldom presented to consumers in a transparent and straightforward way. For most of us, when we see pages of legalese, we simply give consent. Compounded by advancements in AI and machine learning, the future of data monetization remains a fiery battleground.

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Subscription content plays a significant role in Peloton's revenue model. As the sales of their physical products like bikes have decreased, the company has shifted its focus towards subscription growth. The CEO, Barry McCarthy, now emphasizes Peloton's subscription content as the 'real' product, with the expensive hardware being a secondary aspect. In fact, the company has disclosed that more than half of all classes taken on the app are not related to cycling, indicating a broad use of their subscription content.

A company can pivot its revenue model in response to changing market conditions by diversifying its product or service offerings, exploring new markets, or changing its pricing strategy. For instance, if a company's primary product is no longer in demand, it can focus on other aspects of its business that have potential for growth. This could involve shifting from a product-centric model to a service-centric model, as seen in the example of the bike company in the content. They shifted their focus from selling bikes to promoting their subscription content, which became their 'real' product. This strategy allowed them to adapt to the changing market conditions and maintain their revenue stream.

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Data Monetization Flow

The importance of diversification

You've probably noticed by now that, in reality, a lot of companies have found success in diversification, even when there is still one prominent revenue source. In an increasingly unpredictable global business landscape, relying solely on a single revenue stream can be akin to placing all of one's eggs in a singular, fragile basket.

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Peloton's up's and down's

Take Peloton as an example. As the company struggled to keep up with its pandemic-level growth, it's now pivoted to hone in on subscription revenue as its saving grace. When the company first came to be, its main product was a high-end stationary bicycle, equipped with a touchscreen that allowed users to participate in virtual spin classes from the comfort of their homes.

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Revenue Mix

Fast forward ten years, that fancy bike is old news. As bike sales plummeted after quarantine, the company scrambles to make up for the loss with subscription growth. CEO Barry McCarthy's strategy now emphasizes Peloton's subscription content as it's "real" product and its expensive hardware a mere sideshow. In fact, the company disclosed that "more than half of all classes taken on the app have nothing to do with cycling".

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Conclusion

Having multiple revenue streams is not only a strategic hedge against market volatility, but it's also a pathway to exploring diverse growth opportunities. Diversifying income sources ensures that a downturn in one area doesn't cripple the entire business, offering a safety net during economic downturns or industry-specific challenges. Moreover, it helps to identify new markets, customer segments, or even unanticipated uses for a product or service. After hearing about these revenue model anecdotes, do you now think of any of these companies differently? Or if you're a repeating customer of any business, what's keeping you hooked?

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